Completing my FA Level 2 certificate in coaching football last year really helped me improve my training sessions as is a technical award and focuses a lot on delivering technical information to players. I also drew a lot of information from the FA Youth Award modules and by reading many excellent books by experienced coaches.

The level 2 format for coaching sessions is split into three parts, namely Technique, Skill and Small-sided game (SSG). I wouldn’t dream of trying to teach the Level 2 syllabus here, but loosely speaking that equates to the following which I think is a helpful format:

Technique – Unopposed practice, so it could be running with the ball, but with no defenders. This is a good time to correct any technical points, and deliver the key coaching points for that technique.

Skill – These are games that give the player a chance to test the technique above, but with opposition.

SSG – a 4×4 (+2 goal-keepers) game, which is a match scenario. On your Level 2 assessment you are not allowed to add conditions to this SSG, but I do sometimes at my club.

If I am confident that the players are competent at a particular technique, but I want to work on the (when/where) to use it then I will often just deliver a Skill and SSG, although if you are planning to take your Level 2 qualification, you will be expected to follow all three phases.

So, having created your learning environment and your playing philosophy, you now need to plan a coaching session. I would strongly advise that you don’t just turn up with the balls, bibs and cones and ‘wing it’ as ideally the players should follow a syllabus of learning that you have carefully planned, and that runs in a logical order.

My advice on designing a good training session for younger kids would be as follows:

Clear, single learning focus. Ensure that you design each coaching session around one, clear learning focus and only coach that focus during the session. It is easy to get carried away, picking up on all manner of coaching opportunities not related to your session, but I think it is better to stick to one, clear learning focus throughout the session.

Identify the key coaching points. I like to try and pick out three key coaching points that I will reinforce and design my sessions to deliver, but sometimes it needs to be more than three of course. Be clear in your mind what the key coaching points are before you arrive at training, and make sure you can communicate them clearly.

Vary the practices. Create a number of shorter games, rather than one or two longer games, and plan them so they can run back to back with very little downtime, so you keep the attention of young players. If you can, plan your area so that you can move from one game to another with minimal changes to the cones, goals etc.

Avoid lines. Avoid the ‘old school’ coaching techniques that see boys and girls in long queues waiting for their turn, unless you can balance the game so that time they are waiting in line is short, and just enough time to recover.

Try to add an element of competition. Young kids, and especially boys are often very competitive, and are likely to raise the intensity of their efforts if you add an element of point scoring or winning to the games you create.

Keep it simple. The simpler the game is to set up, understand, and play the less time you will have to spend explaining and demonstrating and the more time you will have for the players to play.

Is there enough repetition for each player? Simply put, if players have enough repetition of the right technique, and give it 100% of their attention,  then they will improve so it is important that your session delivers as many opportunities for the players to practice the learning focus as possible.

Is it relevant to the game of football players will experience? It is very important to set games up that are as close to the game of football as possible. Standing in line, waiting to smash a ball at goal is not a realistic practice for what players will see in a game, so try to build a practice that allows players to see the pictures they will see during a match.

Can you increase/decrease the difficulty for each player? You will design a session to a set difficulty based on the average in your group of players, but within any group you will find that some players find it too easy and others might find it too difficult. It is important that you can adjust the difficulty for those forging ahead and those lagging behind. If you don’t, the players forging ahead will have a limited learning experience and will get bored quickly and those falling behind will get frustrated at not finding success. The example I used in a previous blog was a 4v4 game of three-touch football to encourage players to get their head up and pass. In that scenario, you could challenge a player forging a head to only use two touches, and afford a player who was struggling four touches.

Prepare questions. Do you have some good, open-ended questions to ask the players that are designed to make them think about the learning focus, and which will hopefully lead them towards finding solutions for themselves? An open-ended question is one that can’t be answered with a simple yes or no. So for example, if your learning focus was decision-making on the ball, you could simply say, ‘when you receive, get your head up, and decide if you should pass, shoot or travel. Play.’ That is the command style of coaching. Or, you could use the Q&A style and ask them ‘what is the first thing you should do after receiving the ball?’ If they know the answer is to get your head up, great. If they don’t you might follow up with a question such as ‘In order to make good decisions, what information do you need? What do you need to know?’ Hopefully by now the cogs will be turning and you will get answers such as ‘where my team-mates are. Where the defenders are. Where the space is. Where the goal is etc. The more the players have to think in order to get to the answer, the more they will remember and understand, so I think it is worth taking the extra time to ask questions and lead players to the answer, rather than leading with the answer yourself.

Role models. It is often helpful I find to highlight a world football star who excels at the learning focus you intend to deliver that day. Players can relate to the stars they see on TV, and I will often even send a YouTube clip around for the boys to watch a few days before training that highlights the skill being mastered. So if you were practicing dribbling, you might highlight Messi, or if it was running with the ball maybe Ronaldo would be the star you use. As you get to know your players, you will know there favorite teams and players and this can help influence which stars you highlight as role models.

When and where might you use the learning focus? Showing a seven year old how to dribble is great, but showing them how to dribble and helping them to understand when and where they might use that skill in a match is the real trick I think. Teaching a set of separate skills, and expecting the kids to work out when and where to use them is optimistic at best, so try to include scenarios that ask the players to make decisions as well as execute a skill.

Thanks for reading, and while I enjoy writing, blogging can feel a little like talking to yourself at times, so if you found anything useful or have an opinion on anything within these pages please do reply and join the conversation.

Please like my Coaching Youth Football page on Facebook –

https://www.facebook.com/coachyouthfootball/

And please also follow me on Twitter – @YouthCoachMike

All five in the series can be found here:

Part One: From parent to coach. Introduction.

Part Two: From parent to coach. Creating a great learning environment.

Part 3: From parent to coach. Your playing philosophy

Part 4: From parent to coach. Setting up effective training sessions

Part 5: From parent to coach. Match-day management

 

 

Once you have worked out how the learning environment that you wish to create, the next step in setting up your first season as manager is working out broadly speaking what your playing philosophy is and how that will affect the sessions you will deliver. Of course I don’t expect young players to pick up anything too complex at this age because their attention span and maturity would not allow for that, but I have found it very helpful to deliver a basic framework within which my players can operate.

I tend to focus on just two of the four phases of play, which has proven to work quite well for my boys. The four phases are of course:

> In possession

> Transition to defend

> Out of possession

> Transition to attack

It is the two transitions that I work with, and build everything on top of, because I believe that they act as a trigger for everything else to follow on from.

20 years in business have taught me the valuable lesson that you should always try to simplify everything you can, and make it as easy to understand as it can be. That lesson is true for adults, but even more crucial when trying to explain football to young children.

Lord Maurice Saatchi, the co-founder of one of the most successful advertising agencies in the world famously said ‘It is easier to complicate than to simplify … simple ideas enter the brain quicker, and stay there for longer’. It is a valuable lesson for coaches I think, because when you think about it advertising and coaching youth football have a few similarities. Saatchi and his company, Saatchi and Saatchi, had to find a way to tell a story for a brand in a few seconds, and to a distracted audience, so simplicity of message is key to be successful.

So with that in mind I describe our team philosophy in just one sentence, which reads “We attack quickly as a team as soon as we win the ball, and we defend quickly as a team as soon as we lose the ball.” Underneath that one sentence is a lot of detail of course, but it is an easy to understand reference that helps the young players understand what is expected of them. I ask the questions “What do we do when we win the ball?” and “What do we do when we lose the ball?” before every match and often during training sessions so it is remembered.

Underneath that framework, there is an attacking principle and a defensive principle.

When we are attacking, we say as soon as you receive the ball get your head up. When you get your head up you only have three choices, pass, shoot or travel. I give my players complete ownership of that decision, and insist that all players respect and encourage each other to that end.

The topline defensive principle is that we are all defenders out of possession; no matter what position you are playing on the pitch today. Our nearest player to the ball (1^st defender) at the moment we lose possession must apply pressure to the ball as quickly as possible. The second nearest (2^nd defender) covers the first defender, and the other defenders cover and mark.

I find that once I have a clear philosophy on how I want our team to play, and the players understand that, it gives me a great platform to build meaningful training sessions onto and of course inside of the learning environment that we have already created in part one.

I don’t talk about phases of play, zones, or anything else at this stage but the simple attack quickly and defend quickly principles have helped my boys understand how they should play the game.

With all that said, I do not believe that at the younger ages you should be coaching kids from game to game. There are some fundamental skills that every footballer needs, and a good training syllabus will aim to meet those needs before any specific needs that were highlighted in the last match. We will explore planning training sessions in part 4. As an example, I remember a game last season in which our boys totally switched off from a corner, twice, in the same game. We conceded 2 goals, and drew a game 3-3 that we were winning 3-0 at one point. It was frustrating of course, and I thought that with one training session I could have probably improved our defending from corners, so I put on a session on ‘defending corners’ that week in training.

In hindsight, I think that was a big mistake. I think I fell into the trap of coaching mistakes from the last game, rather than focusing on the key fundamental skills that boys need at this age. As youth coaches we get so little time to coach our players each week, and there is so much that we would like them to learn so in the real world we have to have a strict list of priorities that will help the boys in the long term, and not just to win the next game. Was defending corners more important than decision-making for example? Probably not in the long-term.

Personally I believe that results in the foundation phase (ages 5-11) are of secondary importance to the long-term development of the players and by developing players first, you will find that the results will take care of themselves sooner or later. With the defending corners session I fell into the trap of coaching to win a game (short-term), rather than coaching to develop skills (longer-term). I am pleased to say I have learned from that mistake, and have not done so again since, but I was annoyed with myself that I briefly shifted my focus from development to winning.

The winning v development philosophy divides most youth coaches, and I think it is important to understand your own philosophy and be comfortable that you are doing the right thing. My lads are U9 this season, and they are playing 7-a-side football. To illustrate my idea, please imagine a scale that marks where you as a coach sit on the ‘winning now’ v ‘development for the future’ spectrum. On the far left of the scale is number 1, winning now; and on the far right of the scale is number 100; development for the future. This is not to say that some coaches who want to win today as a primary motivator don’t want to develop players by the way, just as some coaches whose primary motivator is to develop for the future want to win today. There is a scale, and every coach is at a different place on that scale.

I would say that today I am around 90% on the scale, as I believe that development of key skills that will last a lifetime is more important than winning a non-competitive game of U9’s on a Sunday. That said, the boys obviously want to win and so do I, but I set up my team for development first, and winning second. In our league, competitive football does not begin until U12’s, and so I have taken that as a benchmark of when to start moving slowly away from development first and more towards winning.

When I watch my boys during a match I am looking out for examples of what we have practiced in training in recent weeks, and if I see training practice being transferred to the game then I am delighted, irrespective of the result. I would obviously prefer to win as well, but it is not the most important thing to me as a coach of eight and nine year old boys.

You can spot the win now coaches a mile away. They get more and more frustrated as the score line moves away from them, shouting louder, and desperate instructions to their kids. Their tone of voice tells the story of their desperation to win, and this often spreads to the parents of that team as well. The ‘win now’ coaches team will often be set up with the best chance to win today, so the kid with the hardest shot is up front and the biggest, strongest players are through the middle. You might also see equal playing time etiquette compromised during a tight game, with the bigger/faster/stronger/older players in the group being used more because the coach thinks they offer a better chance of success today.

When you hear England internationals interviewed, you rarely hear them boasting about the 2-1 U9’s victory they were a part of as kids. In the grand scheme of things, each result at this level is totally insignificant to that player’s life in football yet coaches and parents often treat it as if they were at the world cup final. I understand that football is an exciting, emotive game, and watching your kids play can be an exhilarating past-time, but I believe we need to find balance as coaches to help our children progress.

Lets look at the behaviours that I highlighted above, and explore the reasons why I think that this short-term view is not in the best interests of the future player we should be trying to develop:

1. Shouting out constant instructions while the ball is in play, and often in a tone that is an ever-increasing frenzy of desperation.

As already covered in part two – creating a great learning environment, I believe that in order to develop creative players of the future kids must be allowed to practice making their own decisions today. Screaming pass, shoot, get back or whatever from the sides will quite possibly win the day today, but it won’t have helped the players much for the long term in my opinion. Take the shout of pass, or switch it. The player was, before that shout, concentrating and analysing his or her options, while trying to calculate what they should do. If the player makes the wrong decision, they will likely know that pretty quickly, and don’t need half a dozen frenzied adults to tell them.

In an ideal world you would have the time to ask the player what they saw, what they were trying to achieve and as them questions to lead them to think of ideas about how they might make a better decision in the future. Then, after that exploration, give the player repetition of similar situations to practice that decision-making and improve. That ideal world simply does not exist in a match-day setting, and so I think it is better to let it go during the match and work on decision-making as a part of your training syllabus.

I have seen with my team that, slowly, the decision making will improve with practice but if you shout instructions and criticisms of mistakes during a game the young player is likely to retreat into their shell and not try anything new in future because of the fear of failure. In my team I tell every player, every week, that the decision to pass, shoot or travel with the ball is theirs and theirs alone during a match and that we should all respect and support each others decisions. I tell them that nobody else in the entire world can see the game through their eyes at that moment. We work on decision making a lot in training, and I have seen some impressive improvements in this regard and with this philosophy. A funny story that many youth coaches will relate to relating to that last point. Once, in training, when I was explaining that ‘nobody in the entire world can see that game through your eyes’ one kid, without batting an eyelid, said ‘God can’. How do you follow that? 🙂

2. The bigger kids with the biggest shot play up front, and take all the free-kicks and corners.

This is perhaps great practice for the player taking the free-kicks and corners perhaps, but how are the other players in your team supposed to improve this skill if they are never allowed to try? Also, I think it is important that the future player is comfortable playing in a variety of positions, and can see the game from defence just as well as they can from an attacking position. In order to develop that player, they need to have the chance to play in ever position on the pitch and ‘see the game; from a different perspective each time.

It is also worth being aware that all 8-year old-boys are not the same age. In any team up and down the country, the cut off date to qualify for an age group is 31 August. So, if a player is eight years old on the 30 August 2015, then they are eligible to play for the U9’s for the 2015/16 season. However, as an extreme example, what can happen is that while one child might turn 9 the day after 31 August and play all season as a 9 year old, another kid in the same team might have only just turned 8 on 30 August. This is known in coaching circles as ‘The relative age effect’ and you will find many of the older, and often bigger, faster, stronger and more developed players in the team of a coach who wants to win now v that of a coach who is developing for the future because of the advantage bigger/faster/stronger players offer today.

As those kids grow up, and go through a couple of growth spurts, often that advantage is eroded but what happens if as a country we ignored the development of the younger kids in favour of the older kids in each age group? How many potential stars of the future are not developed because they were small when they were younger?

3. Equal playing time.

I believe that in the younger age groups, every child has the right to play equal playing time throughout the season, which in turn affords them equal chances to progress. If a coach gives more time to their bigger/faster/stronger and often-older players, then they are giving more development opportunities to them, at the expense of y smaller, less developed players, which is likely to make the chasm between older and younger more pronounced over time because of the additional practice enjoyed by the bigger boys.

It is difficult to know when to move from equal playing time to picking a team to win the game, and to be honest I am still not comfortable that I have the right idea set in stone on this front. I am thinking that it will start to happen at U12’s, when the game becomes competitive, and after they would have had five years of development football already.

Thanks for reading, and while I enjoy writing, blogging can feel a little like talking to yourself at times, so if you found anything useful or have an opinion on anything within these pages please do reply and join the conversation.

 

Please like my Coaching Youth Football page on Facebook –

https://www.facebook.com/coachyouthfootball/

And please also follow me on Twitter – @YouthCoachMike

All five in the series can be found here:

Part One: From parent to coach. Introduction.

Part Two: From parent to coach. Creating a great learning environment.

Part 3: From parent to coach. Your playing philosophy

Part 4: From parent to coach. Setting up effective training sessions

Part 5: From parent to coach. Match-day management

 

 

 

I would suggest that the most logical place to start when getting involved with coaching youth football is to carefully plan what you want the learning environment to look and feel like. Everything you do from day one will take place inside the framework of the learning environment you create, so it is important to spend some time getting this straight before you hold your first training session if you can. To follow are a list of the attributes that I believe make a good learning environment, with the reasons why I believe them to be important, and some examples of them in action.

Make it fun

This is the most important part of any coaching or playing environment for young kids, because if players stop enjoying it then they are far more likely to drop out sooner or later. Also, one of the key ingredients in improving skills is repetition, and if you can turn your coaching sessions from being drills based, to being filled with fun games, you are more likely to encourage the kids to repeat the desired skills more often. There will be more on coaching using fun games in a future blog post.

Always be positive

I believe that kids learn better in an environment where a coach offers positive encouragement for effort, even if that effort doesn’t yield the desires results right away than they do from having their mistakes highlighted and talked through at length. No player has ever mastered a new skill without making mistakes along the way, and so it is important to accept mistakes as a natural and inevitable part of the learning process. What gets recognized gets repeated as they say, and by offering lots of praise when the player does something right, rather than criticising mistakes, you will help to create an environment in which your players feel empowered to try new things.

This might sound like an obvious thing to say, but I have lost count of the number of coaches I have seen shouting criticisms from the sidelines, and to kids as young as six. The kids who are the target of a frustrated coach rarely improve by being publicly scolded for making a mistake, and are more likely to retreat into their shell and not try anything new in future.

As an example, I had a player that having received the ball would 99 times out of 100 run with the ball. I didn’t want to tell him that he had to pass, as I want my players to be confident to make their own decisions and become creative thinkers, and so I empower them to make their own decisions. That said, if the player is running with the ball all time, he is obviously missing good passing opportunities along the way. So, rather than tell him that he has to pass, or getting frustrated with him during games for being selfish, I waited for my opportunity during training. One day I was delivering a coaching session, and during a 5v5 match the player in question passed the ball, which set up a goal-scoring opportunity. I lavished the player with enthusiastic praise and his face lit up, and he started to look for more opportunities to pass the ball from that point onwards.

Had I shouted ‘pass’ every time he got the ball during a match, in the short-term I may have changed his behavior, but it would not have been much fun for him and most importantly, he would not be making his own decisions. I have since had the opportunity to try this out with another player, and it worked for a second time as well, so I am very confident in this method of modifying behaviour.

I strongly believe that in order to develop creative players, something that England have been pretty dire at over the past few decades, you need to give players the freedom to make their own decisions. Of course during training you teach them how to make better decisions over time, but during the game I don’t shout instructions while the ball is rolling. Occasionally I might call out with some questions to that help to lead them to the desired solution while there is a break in play, but never while the ball is rolling. Rene Muelensteen put it simply while he was in charge of youth development at Manchester United when he said “footballers cannot learn how to make their own decisions if they are used to receiving instruction from the touchline.” In an interview with the daily Telegraph , Muelensteen said that at the Manchester United academy, parents are asked to sign a contract that says they will not shout out during coaching sessions, and that the Manchester United coaches do not shout instructions while the ball is rolling. We will touch on parent rules and relations more a little later. Is it any wonder that when you compare England teams with other countries, our players are often like ‘robots’ in as much as they are functional and rarely creative. The fact that I have to hark back to players like Hoddle and Gascoigne to remember truly creative England players is a concern for English football, and it all starts with rigid coaching at the younger ages in my opinion.

Challenging

It is important when delivering a coaching session that you have the ability to keep every player challenged on an individual level, and not just set the difficulty for the session at a group level. Players improve faster when they are playing at the limit of their ability, but every player in your squad will likely be at a different level, so your sessions must be flexible enough to allow you to increase and reduce the level of challenge for players who are forging ahead or lagging behind.

If for example your session was planned to work on decision-making and you wanted the players to practice looking for passing opportunities rather than running with the ball, then you might decide to play a 5v5 match in which the players were not allowed to take more than three touches, thus forcing the player to look up and find a pass. Once you have set the three-touch condition at the group level, you still have the option in this example to increase or decrease the difficulty for each individual by increasing or reducing the number of touches each individual is allowed. So a player who was finding the session too easy could be challenged to take only two touches, and a player who was struggling might be allowed four touches for example.

While I believe that you always want your young players to experience successful repetitions of the learning focus during training, I think it is also true that if the success is too easily achieved it becomes boring and little or no learning takes place. In this instance it is important that the coach recognises this and steps in to increase the difficulty for the player who is finding the session too easy.

Inquisitive

On the FA Coaching courses you learn about the different coaching styles. The old school coach of England’s yesteryear would often rely almost exclusively on the ‘Command’ style, in which the coach talks and the player must listen. Research has show however that learning can take place on a deeper level if the player feels that they have found the solution themselves, so while the command style certainly has its place I naturally tend to opt for the questioning style, which forces the player to think about the answer for themselves. Research shows that if you can lead a player to find the answer for themselves, then the learning will be on a deeper, more permanent level for the player.

So for example, lets say you were coaching your team to provide support to the player on the ball through width and depth as soon as your team regains possession. You might have set up a small-sided game, lets say 4v4, and let the play develop until you see an opportunity to step in and coach the learning focus of the session.

I had this very situation last year, where a defender received the ball, got their head up to assess their options and realised that they had no passing option because the two players ahead of the ball were too narrow and the passing lines were blocked.

The coach using the command style may have shouted to the two players ahead of the ball “width and depth remember” and let the game continue. In my opinion, instructions to young kids that are given while the ball is in play go in one ear and out of the other more often than not. So using the questioning style I stopped the game and addressed the group as a whole, while asking specific questions to the players who had failed to provide support to the player on the ball. My first question was to the defender who received the ball “What did you see when you received the ball and got your head up?” His reply was that he had no options to pass. I repeated his answer so the whole group could hear, and I then asked the two players ahead of the ball in turn “What could you have done better in that situation to help your team mate on the ball?” They thought for a second, and then pointed to where they could have run. I praised them for finding the solution, and asked what, by making those runs wide, have they done to the pitch? Again, after a moments thought they indicted that they understood the runs they had identified during our brief Q& A would have ‘made it wider’. I reset the game and made sure that they made the runs they had suggested once play was restarted, which they did.

Parents

As a coach you are of course aiming to be a positive influence on the young players in your care, but no matter how well you do, parents will usually be the most important influence on the young player. With that in mind I think it is vital that the lines of communication are constantly open between the coach and parents. I think it is so important that the environment you want to create is communicated clearly to the parents before day one if at all possible, and at regular times throughout the season. It is much easier to build a positive learning environment if the parents and coach work together, but sadly many coaches don’t feel that the coaching they deliver is any of the parents business. I am of the view that the opposite is true, and I regularly write to the parents to keep them updated on what we are practicing, why, and how they can help if applicable.

As an example, as a part of a positive learning environment I believe that it is really important that parents don’t shout out instructions to their kids while the game is in play for the reasons explained above. Football is an emotive game, and often you will see an opportunity that the kids playing do not see, so keeping quiet can be difficult for some people. I appreciate that, but just as I will try my best to never shout instructions to my players while the ball is in play, I expect the parents to help me by following suit in that respect. I have seen games where the coach is screaming instructions at the kids who are trying to focus on the game, and on the other size of the pitch there are dozens of parents shouting their own instructions. It is ridiculously confusing for the kids to receive multiple instructions from the adults, and most importantly, it can stop them from making their own decisions if they become used to receiving instructions form the coach or parents.

Before the players in my team were even selected for the squad, I wrote to all parents with a message that said if their child was selected, they would be expected to abide by the team rules which state that we do not allow parents to shout instructions from the sidelines. Once I had selected the players I wanted to from my squad, I wrote to the parents of the kids in question once again to say that their child had a place, but subject to the strict rule above. I have only had to speak to one parent about shouting instructions from the side thus far, so I’d like to think that I have created the right environment for the boys in my team to flourish. I of course whole-heartedly encourage the parents to shout encouragement, and praise, as that makes for an energised atmosphere, but as long as the calls don’t offer the boys instruction on what they should do. In that environment, I am happy that the boys have the freedom to make their own decisions based on what they have been learning in training.

Thanks for reading, and while I enjoy writing this, blogging can feel a little like talking to yourself at times so if you found anything useful or have an opinion on anything within these pages please do reply and join the conversation.

Please like my Coaching Youth Football page on Facebook –

https://www.facebook.com/coachyouthfootball/

And please also follow me on Twitter – @YouthCoachMike

All five in the series can be found here:

Part One: From parent to coach. Introduction.

Part Two: From parent to coach. Creating a great learning environment.

Part 3: From parent to coach. Your playing philosophy

Part 4: From parent to coach. Setting up effective training sessions

Part 5: From parent to coach. Match-day management